dugan

In case, for instance, of the verb witan (to know), the stem of the sing, indicat forms is wait (I know; he, she, it knows); the stem of the pl, indicat personal forms being wit-; cf witum (we know); witun (they know).

Besides the vocalization of the present tense stem, preterite-present verbs share with strong verbs also the system of personal endings (cf e.g. 2 pers, sing þu kannt (you know) and þu namt (you took)).

As mentioned above, the forms of preterite and past participle of this class of verbs are formed following the pattern of weak verbs, by means of dental suffix, which usu takes the form -þa-, -ta-.

As mentioned above, the forms of preterite and past participle of this class of verbs are formed following the pattern of weak verbs, by means of dental suffix, which usu takes the form -þa-, -ta-.

pres sing wait (I know; he knows); pres, pl witun (they know); p, sing wissa (I knew; he knew) (-ssa < *-t + *-ta); p, pl wissedun (they knew); p.p. of this verb is not attested.

(b) lais (I know); only this form is attested.

pres sing daug (is useful / suitable; fits); only this form is attested.

(a) pres sing kann (I know; he knows); pres pl kunnun (they know); p sing kunþa (I knew; he knew); p pl kunþedun (they knew); p.p. kunþs.

(b) 1 pers, pres sing þarf (I need) (unattested in the sense of 3 pers sing (he needs)); 3 pers, pres pl þaurbun (they need); p sing þaurfta (he needed); p pl form is not attested; p.p. þaurfts.

(c) pres sing (ga)dars (I dare; he dares(; 1 pers, pres pl (ga)daursum (we dare) (3 pers, pl form is not attested); 3 pers p sing (ga)daursta (he dared); p pl (ga)daurstedun (they dared); p.p. is not attested.

(a) 1 pers pres sing man (I think; I consider, reckon); 2 pers pres pl (ga)munuþ (you remember); 1 pers pres sing munda (I thought; I considered, reckoned); 3 pers sing (ga)munda (he remembered, recalled); 3 pers p pl mundedun (they thought, considered); p.p. munds.

(b) pres sing skal (I am obliged, I must; he is obliged, he must); pres pl skulun (they are obliged, they must); 3 pers p sing skulda (he was obliged, he should, he had to); p.p. skulds.

(a) 1 pers pres sing og (I fear) (unattested in the sense of 3 pers sing (he fears)); 2 pers pres pl ogeiþ (you are afraid); p sing ohta (I feared; he feared); p pl ohtedun (they feared).

(b) pres sing (ga)mot (has space or room); pl is attested only in the form of 1 pers optat: (ga)moteima (may we find space/room); in p tense there is only attested the form of 3 p pl (ga)mostedun (found/could find space or room).

(a) The forms of the verb mag have no stem vowel gradation and -a- can be seen in all versions of the stem of the verb in question: pres sing mag (I can; he can); pres pl magun (they can); p sing mahta (he could) (this form is unattested in the sense of 1 pers sing (I could)); p pl mahtedun (they could); p.p. mahts.

(b) The forms of the verb áih do not have stem vowel gradation either: pres sing áih (I have); aigum also áihum (we have); the optat stem is represented by the form aigi (may have); p sing áihta (he had); pl áihtedun (they had); 2 pers sing, p tense, optat appears in the form áihtedeis (you would have).

remark: the reconstructed forms of dual number, as well as the forms of imper mood and mediopass voice, which are unattested for Goth pret-pres verbs, are not shown here.

Is inflected like adjectives are